A few words about the important business of cited references …

- Prepared by T. Andrew Yang - Updated on 9/26/2007

n Why is it important to do proper citing in writing?

o It is fundamental in scientific research to properly cite previously published work, which may be by other scientists, researchers, journalists, et. al., or even by yourself.

o By using properly cited references, you show your respect for others' work and avoid copyright infringement or plagiarism.  

n How to properly cite published work?

o Proper citing is required when you quote or re-paraphrase words from others, especially those that are published.

§ An example citing via quoting:

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As pointed out by O’Reilly in [2], “The next time a company claims that it's "Web 2.0," test their features against the list above. The more points they score, the more they are worthy of the name. Remember, though, that excellence in one area may be more telling than some small steps in all seven”.

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References

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[2] Tim O’Reilly, What is Web 2.0? , September 30 2005. http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/oreilly/tim/news/2005/09/30/what-is-Web-20.html. Retrieved on 7/14/2007.

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§ An example citing via re-paraphrasing from an online article:

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The success of companies such as Google and Amazon.com are directly linked to their success in “harnessing collective intelligence” created by customers’ contributions via product reviews, blogging, online profiles, et al [17].

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References

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[17] Tim O’Reilly. Harnessing Collective Intelligence. O’Reilly Radar. Nov. 10, 2006. http://radar.oreilly.com/archives/2006/11/harnessing_coll.html Retrieved on 6/20/2007.

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§ An example citing via re-paraphrasing from a referred article:

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Hamilton and Gunesh [15] defines an 8C Framework by adding ‘characterization’ as the 8th C, in order to account for the Web site’s ability to adapt and modify itself, giving the impression of a made-to-order site made specifically for the customer.

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References

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[15] John Hamilton, and Reshmee Gunesh, Incorporating customer interface-marketing design elements to leverage strategic positioning in the on-line real estate industry, in the Proceedings of the Hawaii International Conference on Business, June 18 -21, 2003.

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§ An example citing via re-paraphrasing from a book:

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There exist five primary revenue models: advertising, subscription, transaction fee, sales, and affiliate [8].

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References

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8.   K.C. Laudon and C.G. Traver, E-commerce: business, technology, society; 3rd edition, Prentice Hall: 2006, pp.62-63.

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o To learn how to use cited references in writing your technical papers, please refer to the IEEE Reference Guide (at http://www.ece.uiuc.edu/pubs/ref_guides/ieee.html).

o Please note that different disciplines have different styles when it comes to writing or citing.

n More information:

o To learn more about copyright protection in general and the Berne Convention, refer to http://www.whatiscopyright.org/ .

o  To learn copyright legislation, cases, and laws, refer to http://fairuse.stanford.edu/.